April 27, 2026

Medical Voca

Start the day healthy

Socioeconomic and geographical disparities in disability distribution among Tanzanian population: insights from the 2022 demographic and health survey and malaria indicator survey | BMC Public Health

Socioeconomic and geographical disparities in disability distribution among Tanzanian population: insights from the 2022 demographic and health survey and malaria indicator survey | BMC Public Health

  • Krahn GL, Walker DK, Correa-De-Araujo R. Persons with disabilities as an unrecognized health disparity population. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:S198–206.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoudi E, Ph D, Meade SM, Ph MA. D. Disparities in access to health care among adults with physical disabilities: Analysis of a representative national sample for a ten-year period. Disabil Health J. 2014; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.08.007

  • Gulley SP, Ph D, W MS, Altman BM, Ph D. Disability in two health care systems: Access, quality, satisfaction, and physician contacts among working-age Canadians and Americans with disabilities y. 2008;1.

  • Rashmi R, Mohanty SK. Socioeconomic and geographic variations of disabilities in India: evidence from the National Family Health Survey, 2019–21. Int J Health Geogr. 2024;23(1):1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-024-00363-w

  • Shahali S, Tavousi M, Sadighi J, Kermani RM, Rostami R. Health challenges faced by parents of children with disabilities: a scoping review. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):619.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Zheng W, He M, Guo Y, Zhang M, Feng R et al. Family Risk Profiles and Mental Health Among Chinese Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis. Appl Res Qual Life. 2024;3189–218. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10371-4

  • Rani A, Thomas PT. Parental Knoweldge, attitude, and perception about epilepsy and Sociocultural barriers to treatment. J Epilepsy Res. 2019;9(1):65–75.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Etieyibo E, Omiegbe O. Religion, culture, and discrimination against persons with disabilities in Nigeria. Afr J Disabil. 2016;5(1):1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks LM, Mearkle R, Mactaggart I, Walsham M, Kuper H, Blanchet K. Disability and social protection programmes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Oxf Dev Stud. 2017;45(3):223–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montes J, Swindle R. Who is disabled in Sub-Saharan Africa? 2021;(40).

  • Banks LM, Zuurmond M, Ferrand R, Kuper H. The relationship between HIV and prevalence of disabilities in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review (FA). Trop Med Int Heal. 2015;20(4):411–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adugna MB, Nabbouh F, Shehata S, Ghahari S. Barriers and facilitators to healthcare access for children with disabilities in low and middle income sub-Saharan African countries: A scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trani J, Browne J, Kett M, Bah O, Morlai T, Bailey N et al. Social Science & Medicine Access to health care, reproductive health and disability: A large scale survey in Sierra Leone. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(10):1477–89. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.040

  • Uromi SM, Iboku Mazagwa M. Challenges Facing People with Disabilities and Possible Solutions in Tanzania. J Educ Policy Entrep Res. 2014;1(2):158–65. Available from: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/index

  • UNPRPD. Situational Analysis of the Rights of Persons With Disabilities in United Republic Oftanzania,Unct Tanzania. 2021; Available from: https://unprpd.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CR_Tanzania_2022-e95.pdf

  • People Y. How many children and young people in Tanzania are living with disabilities?.

  • Carraro L. Disability-related costs and poverty measures in Tanzania. DEEP Working Paper 27. Data and Evidence to End Extreme Poverty Research Programme, Oxford. 2024;1–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.55158/DEEPWP27

  • Dewhurst F, Dewhurst MJ, Gray WK, Orega G, Howlett W, Chaote P, et al. The prevalence of disability in older people in Hai, Tanzania. Age Ageing. 2012;41(4):517–23.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinones S, Palermo TM, Lukongo TM, Luchemba P, Mitti R, Devries K, et al. Disability status and multi-dimensional personal well-being among adolescents in the Southern highlands region of Tanzania: results of a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(5):1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabariego C, Lee L, Bickenbach J, Chatterji S. Estimating disability prevalence in population surveys: an exploratory study using national surveys carried out in Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania and USA. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;0(0):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2024.2441424

  • Mapunda PH, Omollo AD, Bali TAL. Challenges in identifying and serving students with special needs in Dodoma, Tanzania. Int J Child Care Educ Policy. 2017;11(1).

  • Tungaraza FD. Accomplishments and challenges facing students with disabilities at the university of Dar Es Salaam: Thirty years of navigating the hill. Pap Educ Dev J Fac Educ Univ Dar Es Salaam. 2010;57(29):134–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uribe-Morales BM, Cantero-Garlito PA, Cipriano-Crespo C. Fathers in the care of children with disabilities: an exploratory qualitative study. Healthc. 2022;10(1).

  • Absalom M, Franklin B. Challenges in caregiving patterns for parents of physically challenged children in MSUMI village, Dar ES Salaam, Tanzania Absalom Magimairaj and Dr Benjamin Franklin ABSTRACT: 2024;4(4):626–32.

  • Mohamed H, Wamera E, Malima W. Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services and Other Preventive Measures against COVID-19 among People with Disabilities, Dodoma, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;107(3):527–33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0756

  • Kakoko D, Kigadye E, Hean S. 5. Special healthcare needs of children with disabilities in Tanzania: Challenges and recommendations. Chang Agents. 2023;94–105. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18261/9788215057903-23-05

  • Nathan MJ, Brown JM. An ecological approach to modeling disability. Bioethics. 2018;32(9):593–601.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Michielsen K, Brockschmidt L. Barriers to sexuality education for children and young people with disabilities in the WHO European region: a scoping review. Sex Educ. 2021;21(6):674–92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1851181

  • Mhatre N. Access, autonomy, and dignity: comprehensive sexuality education for people with disabilities. Natl Partnersh Women % Fam. 2021;(September):1–24.

  • Ministry of Health (MoH) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 2022. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey. 2022.

  • Washington Group on Disability Statistics. The Washington Group Short Set of Questions on Disability. 2016; Available from: http://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/The-Washington-Group-Short-Set-of-Questions-on-Disability.pdf

  • Croft TN, Allen CK, Zachary BW et al. 2023. Guide to DHS Statistics. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICFCroft, Trevor N., Allen, Courtney K., Zachary, Blake W. 2023. Guide to DHS Statistics. Rockville, Maryland UI. Guide to DHS Statistics DHS-7. Demogr Heal Surv Progr. 20AD;7(version 2).

  • Chen MZ, Lee L, Fellinghauer C, Cieza A, Chatterji S. Demographic and environmental factors associated with disability in India, Laos, and Tajikistan: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12846-1

  • Tungu M, Sirili N, Frumence G, Kagaigai A, Anaeli A, Mwangu MA et al. Health care prioritization process for the elderly in rural Tanzania under decentralized system: Prospects and challenges. PLoS One. 2024;19(6 June):1–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304243

  • Tungu M, Sirili N, Kagaigai A, Luoga P, Tesha N, Ruwaichi T et al. Controversies in implementing the exemption policy for the elderly healthcare services in Tanzania: experiences from the priority setting process in two selected districts. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2024;22(1).

  • Joel C, Msuya S, John B, George J. Collateral effects encountered by families of children living with physical or mental disabilities, or both, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Glob Heal. 2018;6:S51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30180-3

  • Binyaruka P, Borghi J. An equity analysis on the household costs of accessing and utilising maternal and child health care services in Tanzania. Health Econ Rev. 2022;12(1):1–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-022-00387-7

  • Tungu M, Luoga P, Anaeli A, Nyamhanga T. Correlates associated with health insurance on cervical cancer screening in Tanzania: a comparison between the insured and uninsured women using demographic and health survey 2022. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11989-8

  • Ngowi AF, Nuru S. Determinants of enrollment in the improved community health fund among household members in Manyara region, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2023;24(2):97–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modest AR, Ngowi AF, Katalambula L. Enrollment status and determinants of improved community health fund among households in Dodoma Tanzania. Int J Innov Sci Res Technol. 2021;6(2). Available from: www.ijisrt.com807.

  • Kumah E, Asana Y, Agyei SK, Kokuro C, Ankomah SE, Fusheini A. Does health insurance status influence healthcare-seeking behavior in rural communities? evidence from rural Ghana. Heal Policy OPEN. 2024;6(April):100119. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpopen.2024.100119

  • Agyekum MW, Afrifa-Anane GF, Kyei-Arthur F. Prevalence and correlates of disability in older adults, Ghana: evidence from the Ghana 2021 population and housing census. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swai EA, Msuya SE, Moshi H, Lindkvist M, Sörlin A, Sahlén KG. Children and adolescents with physical disabilities: describing characteristics and disability-related needs in the Kilimanjaro region, north-eastern Tanzania – a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2023;13(1):e064849.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Matandala T, Francis S. Adaptability of students with mobility impairments in higher learning institutions in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. 2024;619–54.

  • Swai EA, Moshi HI, Msuya SE, Lindkvist M, Sörlin A, Sahlen KG. Adaptive adjustment to the needs of families caring for children and adolescents with physical disabilities in north-eastern Tanzania: a grounded-theory study. Glob Health Action. 2024;17(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2354009

  • Nassoro MM, Chetto P, Chiwanga E, Lilungulu A, Bintabara D, Wambura J. Maternal mortality in Dodoma regional referral hospital, Tanzania. Int J Reprod Med. 2020;2020:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazungu K, Byaro M. Road to divorce in Tanzania: what are the main factors?? Khatibu Kazungu Mwoya byaro African. J Econ Rev. 2023;11(5).

  • Vyas S, Jansen HAFM. Unequal power relations and partner violence against women in Tanzania: A cross-sectional analysis 16 studies in human society 1608 sociology 16 studies. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):1–12. in Human Society 1699 Other Studies in Human Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odhiambo JA, Ndunyu LN, Nyambedha EO, Upadhyay U, Turan JM, Bukusi E et al. Widowhood stigma as a fundamental cause of poor mental, sexual, and reproductive health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: A conceptual framework. SSM – Ment Heal. 2025;7(October 2024):100407. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100407

  • National Development Planning Commission, Tanzania. ’S 2023 Voluntary National Review Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Natl Dev Plan Comm. 2023;1–130. Available from: https://ghana.un.org/en/195640-ghana-2022-voluntary-national-review-report-implementation-2030-agenda-sustainable

  • Mulaya E, Gama R, Kimani C, Joseph P. The triggering factors on the 3rd December 2023 catastrophic landslide in the Hanang area, northern Tanzania. Landslides. 2024;(May). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02386-7

  • Tabassum S, Naeem A, Ahmad RU, Naeem F, Oduoye MO, Mukherjee D. Leptospirosis outbreak in Tanzania amidst COVID-19 pandemic: current challenges and future recommendations. Int J Surg. 2023;109(1):45–7.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Masunga DS, Rai A, Abbass M, Uwishema O, Wellington J, Uweis L et al. Leptospirosis outbreak in Tanzania: an alarming situation. Ann Med Surg. 2022;80(July).

  • Mwanjala MN, Mnkeni E, Mtalika MI, Mponela M, Musyani A, Mrema G et al. Assessment of risk communication and community engagement interventions during the Marburg virus disease outbreak in Kagera region, Northwestern Tanzania. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2025;0–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-024-01298-9

  • Hongo R, Mkombachepa C, Nangay I, Uisso V. Epidemiology of cholera outbreak and summary of the preparedness and response activities in Arusha region, Tanzania, 2023. Nucl Phys. 2023;13(1):104–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Republic of Tanzania(URT). Development & Vision. 2007. pp. 5–6.

  • Tanzania UR. of. The United Republic of Tanzania Draft Tanzania Development Vision Summary. 2025.

  • Malima RC. Coping strategies of the elderly against social insecurity in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Tengeru Community Dev J. 2020;7(2):1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • link